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Many companies use intangible assets such as patents, licenses, computer software, branding, and reputation to earn revenues. These intangible assets have always been part of the economic landscape. We study the impact of intangibles on our ability to identify differences in expected stock returns in US, developed ex US, and emerging markets and find no tangible performance benefits from adjusting for intangibles.
It is important to begin by distinguishing between two types of intangible assets. Under US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), externally acquired intangibles are reported on the balance sheet. They currently represent about a quarter of the reported value of assets for the average US company. These assets are accounted for when computing book equity. Internally developed intangibles, on the other hand, are generally not capitalized on the balance sheet. Instead, the costs associated with those intangibles are expensed and thus reflected on the income statement. The difference in accounting treatment is primarily due to the higher uncertainty around the potential of internally developed intangibles to provide future benefits and the difficulty to identify and objectively measure such benefts.1 After all, internally developed intangibles do not go through a market assessment, while externally acquired intangibles get evaluated in the competitive market for mergers and acquisitions, and at that time, they might already be generating tangible benefits for the company that developed them. For example, Disney bought the Star Wars franchise, an externally acquired intangible, in 2012, many years after the franchise began generating economic benefits for Lucasfilm.
Some argue that to more effectively infer differences in expected returns across firms sourcing most of their intangibles externally and firms sourcing them internally, we should capitalize internally developed intangibles. Several academic studies do that by accumulating the historical spending on research and development (R&D, to capture the development of “knowledge capital”) and selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A, to capture the development of “organizational capital”). In the present study, we follow the approach suggested by Peters and Taylor (2017)2 and find that while intangible assets comprise more of companies’ assets over time, this stems mainly from growth in externally acquired intangibles. Estimated internally developed intangibles have not meaningfully increased as a proportion of total assets (see Exhibit 1).
Moreover, the estimation approach for internally developed intangibles has several important caveats in addition to the lack of market valuations. First, the estimation of internally developed intangibles assumes that the development of intangible capital can be captured fully through spending reported on the income statement. Second, the approach is critically dependent upon the availability of reliable and comprehensive R&D and SG&A data. However, we observe R&D data for about half of the US market even today. As a result, the estimated knowledge capital is zero for about half of the market. Thus, we would adjust the value and profitability metrics of half of the market for knowledge capital and leave the rest unadjusted, potentially making firms in the adjusted and unadjusted groups less comparable, not more.
Further, the breakdown of operating expenses into cost of goods sold and SG&A varies often across companies and data sources, which might add noise to the estimation of organizational capital. The estimation approach can also produce noisy results because it applies constant amortization rates through time and does not allow for impairments. As a result, a company can be approaching bankruptcy and still appear to have billions of dollars’ worth of internally developed intangibles.
Because of all those different sources of noise, capitalizing estimated internally developed intangibles might not be helpful in identifying differences in expected stock returns. Our empirical research lends support to this expectation. Estimated internally developed intangibles contain little additional information about future firm cash flows beyond what is contained in current firm cash flows. Moreover, we do not find compelling evidence that capitalizing estimated internally developed intangibles yields consistently higher value and profitability premiums. The results are quite similar across US, developed ex US, and emerging markets. Therefore, we believe investors are better off not adding noisy estimates of internally developed intangibles to value and profitability metrics.
1. Financial Accounting Standards Board, “Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 2,” October 1974.
2. Ryan H. Peters and Lucian A. Taylor, “Intangible Capital and the Investment-Q Relation,” Journal of Financial Economics 123, no. 2 (February 2017): 251–72.
APPENDIX
Intangible Research Information
Source: Dimensional, using CRSP and Compustat data. The eligible universe includes US firms of all market capitalization, excluding REITs, tracking stocks, and investment companies. Value and profitability sorts as well as regressions also exclude utilities. Sector-agnostic sorts rank firms across the market, while sector-neutral sorts rank firms within each broad sector category. Sorts are rebalanced semiannually and based on market capitalization. Market includes all eligible firms at the market cap weight.
Following Peters and Taylor (2017), internally developed intangible capital for each firm at a point in time is estimated by accumulating the historical spending on research and development (R&D) and a fraction of selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses excluding R&D, while amortizing it at constant rates.
Value is measured with price-to-book ratios. Profits are measured as operating income before depreciation and amortization minus interest expense. Profitability is measured as profits scaled by book equity.
Book equity is adjusted for internally developed intangibles or its components by adding relevant components of estimated internally developed intangibles to unadjusted book equity. Adjusted price-to-book is market capitalization scaled by adjusted book equity.
Profits are adjusted for internally developed intangibles by adding R&D and 30% of SG&A to unadjusted profits. Profits are adjusted for knowledge capital by adding R&D to unadjusted profits. Profits are adjusted for organizational capital by adding 30% of SG&A to unadjusted profits. Profitability adjusted for internally developed intangibles is adjusted profits scaled by adjusted book equity.
Past performance, including hypothetical performance, is no guarantee of future results. Actual investment returns may be lower.
Filters were applied to data retroactively and with the benefit of hindsight. Groups of stocks and their returns are hypothetical, are not representative of indices, actual investments, or actual strategies managed by Dimensional, and do not reflect costs and fees associated with an actual investment.
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